To understand how and when galaxies formed in the early Universe, astronomers look for distant galaxies. Because of the finite speed of light, it takes time for the light from distant objects to reach Earth. The light we see from an object 1 billion light-years away left that object 1 billion years ago and had to travel for 1 billion years to reach us. Thus studying distant galaxies lets us look back in time.
 

Figure 1
Three-color image of HD1, the most distant galaxy candidate to date, created using data from the VISTA telescope. The red object in the center of the zoom-in image is HD1.
Credit: Harikane et al.

The current record holder for the most distant galaxy is GN-z11, a galaxy 13.4 billion light-years away discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope. However, this distance is about the limit of Hubble’s detection capabilities.

HD1, a candidate object for the earliest/most-distant galaxy at 13.5 billion light-years away, was discovered from more than 1,200 hours of observation data taken by the Subaru Telescope, VISTA Telescope, UK Infrared Telescope, and Spitzer Space Telescope. “It was very hard work to find HD1 out of more than 700,000 objects,” says Yuichi Harikane, an assistant professor of ICRR, the University of Tokyo, who discovered HD1. “HD1’s red color matched the expected characteristics of a galaxy 13.5 billion light-years away surprisingly well, giving me a little bit of goosebumps when I found it.”
 

Figure 2
Earliest galaxy candidates and the history of the Universe.
Credit: Harikane et al., NASA, ESA, and P. Oesch (Yale University)

The team conducted follow-up observations using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to confirm HD1’s distance. Akio Inoue, a professor at Waseda University, who led the ALMA observations, says, “We found a weak signal at the frequency where an oxygen emission line was expected. The significance of the signal is 99.99%. If this signal is real, this is evidence that HD1 exists 13.5 billion light-years away, but we cannot be sure without a significance of 99.999% or more.”

HD1 is very bright, suggesting that bright objects already existed in the Universe only 300 million years after the Big Bang. HD1 is difficult to explain with current theoretical models of galaxy formation. Observational information on HD1 is limited and its physical properties remain a mystery. It is thought to be a very active star-forming galaxy, but it might be an active black hole. Either possibility makes it a very interesting object. In recognition of its astronomical importance, HD1 was selected as a target for the cycle 1 observations by the James Webb Space Telescope, launched last year. Yuichi Harikane, who is leading these observations, says, “If the spectroscopic observation confirms its exact distance, HD1 will be the most distant galaxy ever recorded, 100 million light-years further away than GN-z11. We are looking forward to seeing the Universe with the James Webb Space Telescope.”

This research will be published in the April 8, 2022, issue of The Astrophysical Journal as Yuichi Harikane, et al. “A Search for H-Dropout Lyman Break Galaxies at z~12-16”. This work was supported by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (17H06130, 19J01222, 20K22358, 21K13953), and the NAOJ ALMA Scientific Research Grant (2020-16B).